Data Collection - Research Methodology

  1. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Collection of Primary Data- 
  2. Observation Method, 
  3. Interview Method 
  4. Collection of Data through Questionnaires 
  5. Collection of Data through Schedules
  6. What is Data Collection - It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to answer the research problem .The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design chalked out.
  7. In collecting the data,the researcher must decide: Which data to collect? ,How to collect the Data? ,Who will collect the Data? ,When to collect the Data?
  8. The selection of a method for collecting information depends upon the :- resources available ,Credibility ,Analysis and reporting ,Resources and the skill of the evaluator
  9. Methods of Data Collection Essentialy Two Types: 
  10. Primary Data - Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are original in character. 
  11. Secondary Data - Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have through some statistical analysis.
  12. Collection of Primary Data
  13. Primary Data may be collected through: Experiments 
  14. Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys) 
  15. Interviews 
  16.  Observation 
  17. Questionnaires 
  18. Schedules
  19. Collection of Primary Data Of the above, the important ones are:
  20.  1. Observation Method 
  21. 2. Interview Method
  22.  3. Questionnaires
  23.  4. Schedules
  24. 1.Observation Method - Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. In the words of P.V Young “Observation may be defined as systematic viewing,coupled with consideration of seen phenomenon.”
  25. Steps For An Effective Observation Determine what needs to be observed Select participants Random/Selected Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs ) Compile data collected Analyze and interpret data collected
  26. Classification-
  27. 1.Structured Observation - When the observation is characterized by a careful definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related data of observation. 
  28. Unstructured Observation When it takes place without the above characteristics.
  29. Classification-
  30. 2:- Participant Observation - When the observer is member of the group which he is observing then it is Participant Observation. 
  31. Non-Participant Observation When observer is observing people without giving any information to them then it is Non-Paricipant Observation.
  32. Classification-
  33. 3 :- Uncontrolled Observation When the observation takes place in natural contition i.e., uncontrolled observation.It is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons. 
  34. Controlled Observation When observation takes place according to pre arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
  35. Advantages of Observation 
  36. Produces Large quantities of data. 
  37. All data obtained from observations are usable. 
  38. The observation technique can be stopped or begun at any time. 
  39. Relative Inexpensive
  40. Disadvantages of observation
  41. Interviewing selected subjects may provide more information,economically, than waiting for the spontaneous occurance of the situation.
  42. It is expensive method 
  43. Limited information. 
  44. Extensive Training is needed.
  45. 2.Interview Method - The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral- verbal responses. Interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information required for study) to respondent.
  46. Steps For An Effective Interview - 
  47. Prepare interview schedule
  48. Select subjects/ key Respondant 
  49. Conduct the interview 
  50. Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview
  51. Classifications:- 
  52. Structured Interviews : In this case, a set of predecided questions are there.
  53. Unstructured Interviews : In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-determined questions. Focused Interviews : Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.
  54. Classifications:- 
  55. Clinical Interviews : Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of an individual’s life experience. 
  56. Group Interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed. 
  57. Qualitative and quantitative Interviews : divided on the basis of subject matter i.e., whether qualitative or quantitative.

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